Silver0l a écrit :zap a écrit :Il y a aussi d'autres explications. Je pense surtout à un meilleur niveau de vie et une meilleure hygiène de vie (moins de tabagisme surtout)
Toutafé.
Les cyclistes d'élite ont à la base un capital génétique exceptionnel, et en plus ils ont pour la plupart une hygiène de vie excellente (pas de tabagisme, très peu d'alcool, moins d'obésité / cholestérol, suivi médical régulier...). Rien que ça, à mon avis, ça peut largement expliquer les 6 ans de vie en plus par rapport à la moyenne des français. Et après, peut être que si au lieu de s'entraîner comme des malades, ils avaient fait une demi heure de marche active par jour, ils auraient en moyenne vécu 12 ans de plus que la moyenne et non 6 ans. Ce qui est sûr, c'est qu'il est impossible de tirer des conclusions définitives des conséquences de l'entraînement sportif à haut niveau sur l'espérance de vie à partir de cette simple étude.
Encore un article intéressant qui explique les nombreux risques cardiaques que l'on prend à trop s'entraîner ou à faire de trop longues distances.
L'article prend aussi en compte l'étude que nous avons discuté (qui montre une augmentation d'espérance de vie de 6 ans pour les anciens coureurs du TdF).
http://decaironman-training.com/2013/12 ... nce-sport/
Je cite la fin:
Cardiac damage from (ultra) endurance sport
The strain on the heart during (ultra) endurance exercise is considerable, with the organ exposed to increased mechanical work, elevated core temperature, altered pH, increased levels of catecholamines and exposure to reactive oxygen species [Dawson E et al 2003]. It was concluded in a review by Scharhag J et al (2013) – which discussed the main cardiological findings in competitive athletes – that this endurance exercise induced physiological functional and structural cardiac adaptations which in the majority of cases, evident from epidemiological data, lead to positive effects on life expectancy. The frequently reported Athlete’s heart, a condition characterized by physiological, harmonically eccentric hypertrophy of all cardiac chambers and which typically affects endurance sports persons, was believed to be ‘rarer than generally thought’ from their review of the literature.
However several studies have shown that even for the most practiced athletes, endurance competition has been associated with arrhythmogenic cardiac remodeling of the right ventricle (including fibrosis). La Gerche et al (2011) demonstrated that whilst studying 40 athletes at baseline, immediately following an endurance race (3-11h duration) and 1-week post race, that intense exercise of this nature caused acute dysfunction of the RV, but not the LV. Interestingly short-term recovery appeared complete but in the most practiced athletes there was chronic structural changes and reduced RV function. These observations are consist with the findings highlighted in the special report in Preventive Cardiology – Cardiovascular Damage Resulting from Chronic Excessive Endurance Exercise – from Patil HR et al (2012) which remarked on veteran extreme endurance athletes having patchy myocardial fibrosis from recurrent injury particularly in the atria, interventricular spetum and RV; which potentially creates a substrate for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.
[As noted in this special review, if anyone has read the book ‘Born to Run’ by Christopher McDougall, the legendary ultra-marathoner, 58 year old Caballo Blanco who featured in the book and was referenced to have regularly ran 100miles a day, died suddenly on a routine 12 mile run in March 27, 2012. An autopsy showed that is heart was enlarged and scarred. He died from lethal arrhythmia and with the pathologic changes in the heart it was likely he died from the result of Pheidippides’ cardiomyopathy – a condition caused by chronic excessive endurance exercise.]
List of famous athletes with cardiac damage. as listed in http://www.sportiedoc.com
Eddy Merckx
‘The greatest cyclist of all time’ -
Merckx had a non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy — a genetic condition in which the heart muscle thickens, affecting its functioning.
Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, lightheadedness, fatigue, and fainting. The condition is the leading cause of sudden death in young athletes.
Hamish Carter
2004 Olympian Champion in Triathlon – Atrial fibrillation secondary to heart scarring.
Emma Carney
Cardiac Arrest in 2004 – Diagnosed with Ventricular Tachycardia and has a Pacemaker fitted for life.
Sam Warriner
(now a member of Team TBB and back to racing) : Supra Ventricular Tachycardia (treated with electrical ablation therapy)
Greg Welch
(Multiple Triathlon World Champion) - Ventricular tachycardia, he has undergone nine open-heart surgeries from 2001 until 2003.
Hayden Roulston
Tour de France Pro cyclist - potentially lethal Heart Arrhythmia.
Norman Stadler
- Ironman World Champion x 2 – Heart Valve failure and Aortic aneursym (ballooning ofthe main artery from the heart)
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As a consequence of the findings above, of particular interest in recent literature was the long-term outcomes and mortality of elite endurance athletes. Marijon et al (2013) observed a significant lower mortality in French participants of the Tour de France (1947-2012) when compared to the general male population. Importantly however it was noted by the authors that the results didn’t allow a detailed assessment of the positive effects of high-level sports activity and selection of healthy elite athletes vs any potential deleterious effects of excessive physical exercise or alleged doping. Yet it appears in the literature that there is solid evidence for a mean increase in life expectancies in elite endurance athletes which is mainly explained by decreased CV mortality. For example an increased life expectancy was found in world class Finnish male athletes from the Olympic games, World or European championships between 1920-1965, and this was particularly pronounced in long distance running & cross-country skiing (75.6 yr as opposed to 69.9 yr in the reference group) [Sarna S et al 1993]. Arguably, and many investigators have commented on this, that this increase in life expectancy could be a result of a ‘healthier’ life – by that I mean exercise, diet, etc – post competition which is more beneficial than any potential damage to cardiac function throughout their racing career.
So how would you even go about testing for cardiac function in endurance sport?
The most important routine method of differentiating physiological from pathological cardiac hypertrophy is echocardiography, a technique used to determine cardiac volume. Often performed after endurance exercise it can be used to observe acute exercise-induced damage to the heart, with studies often revealing a mild reduction of diastolic function and occasionally in systolic function or as author’s call ‘cardiac fatigue’. Comparisons in studies/athletes are however difficult because of differences in plasma volume, heart rate or blood pressure. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also supplement the research findings – with certain measurement parameters taken into considerations including higher values than echocardiography for the atrial and ventricular dimensions and lower values for wall thickness & muscle mass [Scharhag J et al 2013]
Additionally you can measure specific biomarkers for cardiac damage. Cardiac-specific troponins (cTnT and cTnI) have become accepted standards to serologically identify myocardial damage and are used clinically to diagnose acute myocardial infarction [Alpert et al, 2000]. cTns elevation is apparent in conditions resulting in significant cardiac stress in the absence of obstructive coronary disease [Jeremias A, Gibson CM 2005]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that prolonged strenuous exercise promotes the elevation of these cardiac biomarkers, with serum cTn elevation central to the diagnosis of actue coronary syndrome [Shave et al 2010]. N-terminal probrain naturetic peptide (NT-proBNP) has also been measured alongside cTNT in assessing cardiac damage. Neilan TG et al (2006) performed these two measurements alongside echocardiographic measurements of cardiac function on 60 recreational runners before & 20 minutes after the 2004 & 2005 Boston Marathon. Changes in serum cTnT and NT-proBNP were dramatic – 40% of cTnT values post race were at or above the level at which the team would diagnose myocardial necrosis. NT-proBNP roughly doubled after the race – and it correlated with changes in cardiac function, including reductions in RV systolic function correlating with increased cTnT. Notably, as referenced earlier in this brief, changes in serum cTnT and NT-proBNP levels and cardiac performance was most marked in runners with the least prerace training. [Interesting to see what effect training (properly) for a Deca Ironman will do to prevent this rise in cTnT and NT-proBNP, will I be doomed anyway because of the sheer intensity involved?]. As you would expect the research in ‘Marathoner’s Heart?’ (as described in the Editorial of Thompson PD, Apple FS & Wu A, 2006) has been quite extensive.
Being a triathlon we must also reference the other two disciplines cycling and swimming (haven’t got this discipline on my desk presently, will have to get back to you on this!). Serrano-Ostariz et al (2009) noted that in a cycle-touring event exercise intensity (HR) was responsible for the cTnI increase and that race time increased NT-pro-BNP. Although it was noted by the authors that to standardized exercise trials further investigation would be required in training status, exercise time and intensity of post-exercise increases in these two biomarkers.
So academic precedent describes how there has been numerous peer-reviewed studies describing cardiac damage using biomarkers and cardiac MRI. I have pulled out a few endurance sport studies here – marathon, cycling – but it appears there is limited athlete cardiac profiles for Ironman competition and furthermore in ‘ultra’ distance triathlons (there has been some great studies of course, I will put together a literature review on this in the coming days – or with limited internet connection in Burma over Christmas, post New Year!).
Finally I don’t believe this Deca study will investigate as far as preventative measures (not yet anyway) but interestingly Siegel AJ (2013) found that the use of pre-race low-dose aspirin is evidence-based by validated clinical paradigms to protect middle-aged male runners from acute cardiac events during races triggered by high, even if transient, atherothrombotic risk…….definitely more to investigate here I think.
Right that is enough post-work science for today…..any thoughts/comments please let me know below.
Do share with your ill prepared running buddies, particularly in the post Christmas period!
References
Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, et al. Myocardial infarction redefined – a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36:959-969
Dawson E, George K, Shave R et al, Does the human heart fatigue subsequent to prolonged exercise? Sports Med 2003; 33:365-80
Jeremias A, Gibson CM, Narrative review: alternative causes for elevated cardiac troponin levels when acute coronary syndromes are excluded. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:786-91
La Gerche et al, Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodeling in endurance athletes, European Heart Journal 2011, DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr397
Marijon E et al, Mortality of French participants in the Tour de France (1947-2012), European Heart Journal 2013, 34, 3145-3150 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht347
Neilan TG et al, Myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction related to training levels among nonelite participants in the Boston Marathon. Circulation. 2006; 114:2325-2333.
Patil HR, et al, Cardiovascular damage resulting from chronic excessive endurance exercise, Missouri Medicine 2012, 312, 109:4
Thompson PD, Apple FS & Wu A, Marathoner’s Heart, Circulation, 2006; 114:2306-2308
Sarna S, et al, Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1993, Feb; 25 (2): 237-44
Scharhag J, Lollgen H, Kindermann W: Competitive sports and the heart: benefit or risk? Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013; 110(1-2): 14-24. DOI: 10.3238/artztebl.2013.0014
Serrano-Ostariz, et al. Cardiac Biomarkers and Exercise Duration and Intensity During a Cycle-Touring Event. Clin J Sport Med 2009; 19:293-299
Shave et al, Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin Elevation, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010; 56:169-76
La CAP au minimum tu réduiras
) chercher et trouver le point d'inflexion de l'exponentielle "entrainement" qu'il n'est plus rentable d'augmenter.
